Balochistan History In Urdu Pdf Downloadl: A Guide to the Ancient and Diverse Region
Balochistan is a historical region in Western and South Asia, located in the Iranian plateau’s far southeast and bordering the Indian Plate and the Arabian Sea coastline. This arid region of desert and mountains is primarily populated by ethnic Baloch people. The Balochistan region is split between three countries: Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Administratively it comprises the Pakistani province of Balochistan, the Iranian province of Sistan and Baluchestan, and the southern areas of Afghanistan, which include Nimruz, Helmand and Kandahar provinces.
The name “Balochistan” is generally believed to derive from the name of the Baloch people. The Baloch people are not mentioned in pre-Islamic sources, so it is likely that they acquired the name “Baloch” only after arriving in Balochistan sometime in the 10th century. Some scholars relate the term “Baloch” to Meluḫḫa, the name by which the Indus Valley civilisation was known to the Sumerians and Akkadians in Mesopotamia.
Balochistan History: From Prehistory to Medieval Times
Balochistan has an eventful history dating back to the Stone Age. Recent research and archaeological excavations at Mehrgarh have revealed 9000 years old civilization. Human settlement pattern at Mehrgarh was unparalleled and unique, inaugurating the distinct shift from a hunting gathering to a settled life for the first time in human history.
The earliest evidence of human occupation in what is now Balochistan is dated to the Paleolithic era, represented by hunting camps, as well as chipped and flaked stone tools. The earliest settled villages in the region date to the ceramic Neolithic (c. 7000–5500 BCE), and included the site of Mehrgarh located in the Kachi Plain.
The history of Balochistan began in 650 BCE with vague allusions to the region in Greek historical records. Balochistan was ruled by various Persian empires, including the Achaemenids, Parthians, Sassanids, and Kushans. It was also invaded by Alexander the Great in 325 BCE, who founded the city of Alexandria in Arachosia (modern Kandahar). After his death, his generals divided his empire among themselves, and Balochistan became part of the Seleucid Empire.
In the first century CE, Balochistan was conquered by the Indo-Scythians, who were later replaced by the Indo-Parthians. The region was also influenced by Buddhism, Hinduism, and Zoroastrianism. In the third century CE, Balochistan was annexed by the Sassanid Empire, which ruled it until the Arab invasion in the seventh century CE.
Balochistan History: From Islamic Conquest to Modern Times
The Arab conquest of Balochistan began in 644 CE under Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab. The region was converted to Islam and became part of the Rashidun Caliphate, followed by the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates. The Baloch people resisted the Arab rule and maintained their autonomy under various local dynasties, such as the Tahirids, Saffarids, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Seljuks, Mongols, Timurids, Mughals, Safavids, Hotaks, Durranis, and Qajars.
In the 18th century, Balochistan witnessed the rise of several confederacies of Baloch tribes, such as the Kalat Khanate, which dominated most of eastern Balochistan until its annexation by Pakistan in 1948. The western part of Balochistan became part of Iran under Nader Shah in 1747 and remained under Iranian control until 1871. The southern part of Balochistan was ruled by various local rulers until it was occupied by British India in 1839.
After the partition of India in 1947, Balochistan was divided between Pakistan
In the 19th century, Balochistan became a battleground for the imperial ambitions of Britain and Russia, who competed for influence in Central and South Asia. The British annexed parts of Balochistan and made it a part of British India, while the rest remained under the control of local rulers who were nominally allied with the British. The British also drew the Durand Line in 1893, which divided Balochistan between Afghanistan and British India.
After the partition of India in 1947, Balochistan was divided between Pakistan and Iran. The Pakistani part of Balochistan consisted of four princely states: Kalat, Kharan, Las Bela, and Makran. The Khan of Kalat initially declared independence, but later acceded to Pakistan under pressure. However, many Baloch nationalists rejected the accession and launched a series of insurgencies against the Pakistani state, demanding greater autonomy or independence. The most prominent of these insurgencies occurred in 1948, 1958-59, 1962-63, 1973-77, and 2004-present.
The Iranian part of Balochistan also faced political and economic marginalization by the central government in Tehran. The Baloch people in Iran are mostly Sunni Muslims, while the majority of Iranians are Shia Muslims. This religious difference has contributed to the discrimination and persecution of the Baloch by the Iranian authorities. The Baloch in Iran have also staged several uprisings against the Iranian regime, especially after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. Some of these uprisings were supported by foreign powers, such as Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and the United States.
Balochistan History: Culture and Society
The Baloch people have a rich and diverse culture and society, influenced by their historical interactions with various peoples and empires. The Baloch people trace their origins to the ancient Iranian tribes that lived in the area known as Greater Khorasan. The early history of the Baloch people is mostly unknown, but they are believed to have migrated to Balochistan from their original homeland in the 10th or 11th century CE.
The Baloch people are mostly Sunni Muslims, but they also have some Shia and Zikri minorities. They speak Balochi, an Indo-Iranian language that has several dialects and is written in the Arabic script. The Balochi language also has influences from other languages, such as Persian, Urdu, Sindhi, Pashto, Brahui, and Arabic. The Baloch people also have a rich oral tradition of poetry, stories, and songs.
The Baloch people have a tribal and feudal social structure, based on kinship and loyalty. The Baloch tribes are divided into two main groups: the Sulaimani and the Makrani. The Sulaimani tribes live in the northern and eastern parts of Balochistan, while the Makrani tribes live in the southern and western parts. Each tribe has a chief (sardar or nawab), who is the head of a clan (tuman). The clans are further divided into sub-clans (zai) and lineages (shah). The Baloch tribes also have councils of elders (jirga or shura), who settle disputes and make decisions.
The Baloch people have a nomadic and pastoral lifestyle, raising camels, sheep, goats, and cattle. They also practice agriculture, fishing, and handicrafts. The Baloch people are known for their skills in carpet making, embroidery, pottery, leatherwork, and metalwork. The Baloch people have a distinctive dress code, consisting of loose-fitting clothes in bright colors. The men wear turbans or caps, long shirts (kameez), baggy trousers (shalwar), waistcoats (wasqat), and sandals (chapal). The women wear long dresses (pashk), trousers (shalwar), headscarves (dupatta), and jewelry.
Balochistan History: Challenges and Opportunities
Balochistan faces many challenges and opportunities in the modern era, as it is a region of strategic importance and natural resources. Balochistan has a long history of conflict and resistance against foreign domination and internal oppression. The Baloch people have fought for their rights and autonomy against various rulers and regimes, such as the Mughals, the British, the Pakistanis, the Iranians, and the Afghans.
Balochistan also has a history of cooperation and collaboration with other peoples and countries, such as India, China, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. Balochistan has a potential to become a hub of trade and development in the region, as it has access to the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. Balochistan has abundant natural resources, such as gas, oil, coal, copper, gold, iron ore, marble, chromite, sulfur, gypsum, limestone, salt, etc.
Balochistan needs peace and stability to realize its full potential and to address its problems of poverty, illiteracy,
Balochistan History In Urdu Pdf Downloadl: A Summary
Balochistan is a historical region in Western and South Asia, located in the Iranian plateau’s far southeast and bordering the Indian Plate and the Arabian Sea coastline. It is inhabited by the Baloch people, who speak an Indo-Iranian language and follow Sunni Islam. The name “Balochistan” is derived from the name of the Baloch people, who migrated to the region from their original homeland in Greater Khorasan in the 10th or 11th century CE.
Balochistan has a long and complex history, dating back to the Stone Age. It was part of various Persian and Indian empires and local kingdoms, and was invaded by Alexander the Great in 325 BCE. It was conquered by the Arabs in 644 CE and became part of the Islamic caliphates. The Baloch people resisted the foreign rule and maintained their autonomy under various local dynasties. The region was also influenced by Hinduism, Buddhism, and Zoroastrianism.
In the 18th century, Balochistan witnessed the rise of several confederacies of Baloch tribes, such as the Kalat Khanate, which dominated most of eastern Balochistan until its annexation by Pakistan in 1948. The western part of Balochistan became part of Iran under Nader Shah in 1747 and remained under Iranian control until 1871. The southern part of Balochistan was ruled by various local rulers until it was occupied by British India in 1839.
After the partition of India in 1947, Balochistan was divided between Pakistan and Iran. The Pakistani part of Balochistan consisted of four princely states: Kalat, Kharan, Las Bela, and Makran. The Baloch nationalists rejected the accession to Pakistan and launched a series of insurgencies against the Pakistani state, demanding greater autonomy or independence. The Iranian part of Balochistan also faced political and economic marginalization by the central government in Tehran. The Baloch people in Iran are mostly Sunni Muslims, while the majority of Iranians are Shia Muslims. This religious difference has contributed to the discrimination and persecution of the Baloch by the Iranian authorities.
Balochistan faces many challenges and opportunities in the modern era, as it is a region of strategic importance and natural resources. Balochistan has a potential to become a hub of trade and development in the region, as it has access to the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. Balochistan has abundant natural resources, such as gas, oil, coal, copper, gold, iron ore, marble, chromite, sulfur, gypsum, limestone, salt, etc. Balochistan needs peace and stability to realize its full potential and to address its problems of poverty, illiteracy,
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